1 Introduction
Macau, as a unique region where Eastern and Western cultures converge, has developed a rich community culture thanks to its diverse cultural background and unique historical accumulation. Among these, music groups not only provide local residents with opportunities for musical education and artistic enjoyment but also play a significant role in social education, cultural heritage, and individual development (Wang et al., 2018). As an essential part of Macaus social education, music groups serve as venues for musical learning, platforms for social interaction, cultural dissemination, and personal growth. Especially in Macaus distinctive social environment and cultural atmosphere, the educational function of music groups stands out even more.
Among various music societies, the Macao Changhong Music Society, Macao Wind Orchestra Association, Macao Youth Symphony Orchestra, and Macao Taoist Association stand out as four renowned groups. Each of them has developed unique educational and training models, rich musical activities, and cultural heritage practices, making them representatives of local music societies in Macao (Lee, 2011).The Macao Changhong Music Society has established a distinctive model for music performances and education. The Macao Wind Orchestra focuses on teamwork and group training. The Macao Youth Symphony Orchestra promotes the musical development of younger generations with high-level symphonic education and performances. Meanwhile, the Macao Taoist Association showcases unique cultural value in the inheritance and education of Taoist music.
This paper aims to study the development status of music societies in Macao from a statistical perspective, focusing on the Macao Changhong Concert, the Macao Wind Music Association, the Macao Youth Symphony Orchestra, and the Macao Taoist Association. It will pay particular attention to the distinctive educational training features of these four major music societies (Hu, 2020), identify their respective strengths in education and training, and propose models and strategies for integrating these advantages to further enhance the educational functions and influence of Macaos music societies.
2 Research methods and research objects
2.1 Research methods
This study adopts the combination of interview and questionnaire survey in qualitative research to deeply explore the development status and characteristic educational function of music clubs in Macao.
Interviewing, as an essential tool in qualitative research, will select 2-5 interviewees from each music club, including the club leader, managers, and other relevant personnel. This approach can gather more detailed and personalized opinions and experiences. It helps reveal the educational model of the clubs actual operations, the challenges it faces, and their impacts. At the same time, it provides deeper insights into participants perceptions and evaluations of the educational functions of the music club (Yu, 2019). Through open-ended questions and semi-structured interviews, the study can more flexibly collect genuine feedback from participants, ensuring the richness and depth of the research data.
The questionnaire survey method is primarily used to collect large amounts of quantitative data, understanding the views and expectations of club members and related personnel regarding educational functions. By designing scientifically sound questionnaires that cover dimensions such as educational satisfaction, training content, social interaction, and personal development, this study can systematically analyze the current status of music clubs in Macaos education and training sectors. The questionnaire survey method not only gathers extensive feedback but also identifies key factors and their impact levels of various educational functions through statistical analysis, providing objective quantitative support for research (Ali et al., 2009).
Based on the interview method and questionnaire survey method, this study tries to comprehensively reveal the educational function of Macao music associations and their multiple impacts on participants on the basis of ensuring the diversity and comprehensiveness of data (Ji & Ma, 2010), so as to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for further optimizing the educational practice of Macao music associations and promoting their sustainable development.
2.2 Research subjects
This study selects Macao Changhong Concert, Macao Wind Music Association, Macao Youth Symphony Orchestra and Macao Taoist Association as the research objects, mainly based on the following considerations:
2.2.1 Club visibility
These four associations enjoy a high reputation and influence in Macaos music scene, each having been established for over two decades. They not only represent the overall level and cultural characteristics of Macaos music community but have also accumulated rich social educational resources and experience through long-term operations. As such, they have become significant forces in local music education and cultural promotion (Leung, 2012). Their good reputation and status within Macaos music circle make them highly representative and valuable references in terms of social education and training functions.
2.2.2 Educational level and artistic level
These four clubs have shown outstanding performance in both education and arts. They actively participate in international and regional music exchanges and regularly organize various musical activities that are both professional and innovative (Zheng, 2010).Through their educational programs, these clubs not only cultivate a large number of music talents but also promote the improvement of Macaos music and art standards. Their educational practices and artistic expressions can provide more credible and representative analytical data for this study.
2.2.3 Diversity and representativeness
Selecting these four clubs as research subjects can reflect the diversity and representativeness of Macaos music clubs. They encompass various musical forms, including Western wind instruments, symphonies, Taoist music, and Chinese ethnic music, representing music clubs from different cultural backgrounds. This diverse selection enhances the universality and adaptability of the studys findings, providing a more comprehensive reference for the overall development of Macaos music clubs.
2.2.4 Accessibility and willingness to cooperate
During the case selection process, the accessibility and willingness to collaborate of these four groups were also important considerations. All selected groups expressed their willingness to participate in the study and provided necessary materials and support. Close collaboration with the groups will provide deeper insights and a more comprehensive understanding for this research, making the data more accurate and thorough (Zhu, 2021).
Based on the above criteria, this study will carefully evaluate and screen out four clubs that are most in line with the research purpose and theme as case objects. These clubs will represent the typical characteristics and development mode of Macao music clubs in terms of social education and training functions, providing valuable experience and inspiration for this study.
3 Analysis of the current situation of Macao music clubs
This study analyzes the current status of music clubs in Macao through 222 valid survey questionnaires, combined with detailed questionnaire data. Focusing on the four major music clubs in Macao, this research comprehensively presents the current situation and characteristics of these clubs from multiple dimensions, including the characteristics of participants, the actual content of education and training, and the effectiveness of such programs. These data not only provide us with deep insights into the functions, influence, and potential for development of these clubs but also offer scientific evidence for further optimizing their development direction
3.1 Analysis of population characteristics
The demographic characteristics of participants in Macaos music clubs show significant distribution features in terms of age and gender. First, regarding age groups, the majority are teenagers under 18 years old, accounting for as high as 56.76%. This data reflects the strong appeal of Macaos music clubs among young people. The interactive and experiential learning models provided by these clubs, along with the platform tailored for young people to learn and perform alongside their peers, perfectly meet their dual needs in music and social interaction. Young adults aged 18 to 30 follow closely behind, making up 18.92%, indicating that despite being in critical stages of their academic or career development, they are still willing to invest time in club activities. This once again underscores the unique charm of music clubs. In contrast, the participation rate among those over 30 is lower, suggesting that Macaos music clubs should explore more strategies to attract and retain music enthusiasts in this age group, further expanding the membership base and enhancing its diversity and inclusiveness.
Figure 1 Age distribution of participants
In terms of gender distribution, female participants significantly outnumber males, at 68.47%, compared to just 31.53% for male participants. This ratio reflects the notable success of Macaos music clubs in attracting female members, which may be closely related to the warm and harmonious atmosphere they create and womens passion for musical art and social activities. In the future, music clubs can further attract more male participants by optimizing activity content and enhancing the appeal of events, achieving a balanced gender ratio.
Figure 2 Gender distribution of participants
In terms of participation duration, 53.6% of participants said that their participation lasted more than three years, which not only reflected the long-term investment and commitment of participants to music clubs, but also indicated that clubs provided continuous learning and performance opportunities for participants, which could effectively attract and maintain a stable group of members.
Figure 3 Distribution of participation duration of participants
To sum up, the participants of Macao music clubs show obvious age and gender characteristics. In the future, the clubs can continue to explore innovative strategies to further expand the participants and enhance the diversity and inclusiveness of the clubs.
3.2 Analysis of education and training content
According to the survey results on the educational content of music club training, the vast majority of participants expressed satisfaction or high satisfaction with the educational content provided by the clubs, with 59.01% expressing satisfaction and 26.13% expressing high satisfaction. This indicates that the educational content of the clubs largely meets the learning needs of the participants. Additionally, regarding the alignment between the educational content and courses offered by schools or other educational institutions, 46.85% of the participants found it well-aligned, while 18.92% found it very well-aligned, suggesting that the educational content of the clubs has formed a good complementary relationship with the school education system to some extent. However, some participants still believe that the alignment needs improvement, indicating that Macaos music clubs can establish closer cooperation with local schools and other educational institutions in the future, jointly developing music education programs and optimizing the allocation and sharing of educational resources.
Regarding the difficulty of educational content, 55.41% of participants found it moderate, while 28.83% found it relatively easy. This indicates that the clubs design of educational content is reasonable and can cater to the needs of participants at different levels. To meet the advanced learning needs of some participants, the club may consider adding more challenging course content in the future to enhance the quality and effectiveness of education and training.
Figure 4. Satisfaction with educational training content
Figure 5. Curriculum connectivity of educational training content
Figure 6. Difficulty of educational training content
3.3 Analysis of the effect of education and training
In the analysis of educational training effectiveness, survey results show that music club education has significantly improved participants musical skills and performance abilities. Among them, 62.61% of participants found it somewhat helpful, while 29.28% found it very helpful. This indicates that club education plays a positive role in skill enhancement. At the same time, educational training also positively impacts personal growth and overall quality improvement. 58.56% of participants felt it had a certain impact, and 28.38% found it very impactful, highlighting the significant value of music clubs in promoting comprehensive personal development.
Figure 7 Evaluation of the effectiveness of educational training in improving members musical skills and performance ability
Figure 8 Evaluation of the effectiveness of education and training in promoting personal growth and comprehensive quality development
In addition, music clubs have played a positive role in enhancing participants sense of belonging and identity with Macaos social culture. 58.56% of the participants believe it has some impact, while 14.41% think it has a significant impact. This further highlights the important role of music clubs in the inheritance and construction of social culture.
Figure 9 Evaluation of the effectiveness of education and training in enhancing residents sense of belonging and identity to Macaos social culture
Based on the above analysis, in the future, Macao music clubs can continue to improve the musical literacy and artistic cultivation of participants, while strengthening the training of teamwork, communication ability and leadership. In addition, they should pay more attention to patriotism and love for Macao education, comprehensively improve the effect of education and training, promote the comprehensive development of participants and the inheritance of social culture.
4 Characteristics of music club education in Macao
The Macao Changhong Concert, the Macao Wind Music Association, the Macao Youth Symphony Orchestra, and the Macao Taoist Association each have their own unique characteristics. While focusing on nurturing musical talent and cultural heritage, they also possess diverse educational functions. This article explores the educational traits and training advantages of different music associations through face-to-face interviews (Shen, 2014). It summarizes four prominent educational features of these renowned associations, proposing possibilities for integrated development to promote the overall development of association education in Macao.
4.1 Macao Changhong Concert
4.1.1 Inheriting Chinese national music culture
Since its establishment, the Macao Changhong Music Society has always upheld the mission of promoting traditional Chinese music culture to enrich the cultural life of Macao residents. The society organizes systematic instrumental concerts and related lectures, such as performances on yangqin, dizi, and huqin, allowing audiences to gain a deeper understanding (Xia et al., 2024) of the characteristics and charm of ethnic instruments. To further promote Chinese culture, the Changhong Music Society invites outstanding ethnic musicians from both sides of the Taiwan Strait and mainland China to participate in performances, hosting "Ethnic Instrument Series" concerts, which have gradually become a signature project of the society.
In addition, the Changhong Music Club actively participates in cultural exchange activities both domestically and internationally, promoting Macao culture to the world. In 1995, the club collaborated with the Macao Portuguese Community Band to perform stylized pieces at the Macao Arts Festival, successfully enhancing Sino-Portuguese cultural exchange and releasing a collaborative album (Chen et al., 2024). In May 2001, the club was invited to Osaka, Japan, to participate in the "Macao Night" event, promoting the 2005 East Asian Games. In 2006, they performed at the World Energy Seminar in Mumbai, India, through multiple international cultural exhibitions, significantly enhancing Macaos influence in the international cultural arena.
4.1.2 Cohesion of team spirit
The Changhong Music Club centers on teamwork, advocating mutual assistance and collective progress among its members. The clubs membership spans multiple age groups, fostering deep friendships and team spirit through collaboration. The club places great emphasis on teamwork in rehearsals, performances, and activities. The selfless dedication and joint efforts of the members have enabled the club to grow over several decades. Additionally, the club regularly organizes dinners and trips, further strengthening relationships among members and enhancing team cohesion.
The future development of Changhong Music Club cannot be separated from the inheritance and relay of the younger generation. The club encourages young people to join, especially those who love national music and are willing to contribute, so as to ensure that Changhong Music Club will continue to play an important role in Macaos music education.
4.2 Macao Wind and Percussion Association
4.2.1 Promote the art of wind music and stimulate students enthusiasm for music
The Macao Wind Music Association is dedicated to promoting wind music art and nurturing local musical talent, implementing various strategies. The association collaborates with educational institutions, establishing student wind bands to promote the professional development of aesthetic education. It provides resources such as instruments and faculty to schools, supporting the formation of student wind bands and cultivating many outstanding wind musicians in Macao. For example, the long-term cooperation between the association and Jingping School has been highly praised by Principal Li Shiqi, who has repeatedly emphasized the critical importance of the Macao Wind Music Associations support for the school and deeply understands the challenges and difficulties in promoting wind music education.
The Macao Youth Wind Orchestra, as an affiliated group of the association, has been committed to the philosophy of "outstanding among amateurs" since its establishment in 1997, providing professional wind instrument training for young people. The orchestras members are primarily composed of middle school students, some college students, and working professionals, forming the core force driving the development of wind music education and arts in Macao. The orchestra has represented Macao multiple times at international events such as the Chiayi International Wind Music Festival, the Asia-Pacific Wind Music Festival, and other large-scale competitions and exchange activities in Taiwan (Yang, 2023), Shanghai, Singapore, South Korea, and other places, offering valuable learning and performance platforms for local young wind musicians.
The association stimulates students love for music by offering a variety of performance opportunities. Based on students interests, the association arranges corresponding teaching content, such as Disney music or popular songs, to boost their enthusiasm for learning. In addition, the association encourages students to engage in musical creation, including adapting existing pieces or composing original works, aiming to foster their innovative thinking and artistic expression skills.
4.2.2 Improve the cultural literacy of citizens and promote cross-regional cultural exchanges
The Macao Wind Music Association is dedicated to providing a platform for the public to engage with wind music art. By regularly organizing concerts, including ensemble and solo performances, it vividly showcases the charm of classic wind music culture. The associations chamber music concerts for the public have received widespread acclaim, not only promoting the popularization of Macaos wind music culture but also subtly influencing the preservation of local musical traditions. On the occasion of the associations 20th anniversary, the publication of "Echoes: Oral History of Macao Wind Music," edited by Zhang Shaopeng, systematically traces the development and stories of Macaos wind music in modern times, highlighting the associations academic responsibility and its commitment to Macaos musical culture (Zhu & Zhong, 2018).
The association also places great emphasis on cooperation and exchange with local wind ensemble groups, striving to promote the integration of Macaos wind music art with international standards. Since its establishment, the association has actively participated in important international events such as the Chiayi International Wind Music Festival and the Asia-Pacific Wind Music Festival, providing a platform for Macaos wind ensembles to expand their international reach. At the same time, the association has frequently invited world-class wind ensembles, including the Tokyo Kojo Wind Orchestra from Japan and the Eastman Wind Ensemble from the United States, to perform in Macao. These performances offer local music enthusiasts the opportunity to experience high-level performances up close, thereby enriching Macaos cultural and artistic life. Through these activities, the association has significantly enhanced Macaos cultural influence and injected new vitality into local cultural and artistic exchanges.
4.3 Macao Youth Symphony Orchestra
4.3.1 Promote the economic development of Macao
The Macao Youth Symphony Orchestra not only advances the cultural sector of Macao but also promotes the diversification of its economy. By organizing concerts and related events, the orchestra has not only boosted ticket sales but also spurred the development of local catering, transportation, and other industrial chains, contributing positively to Macaos economy. Additionally, the orchestra provides long-term employment opportunities for music teachers and professional musicians, further advancing the development of music education in Macao.
In recent years, the Macao SAR government has actively promoted the development potential of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. As a key force for Macaos future, the Youth Symphony Orchestra and its members also face this significant opportunity to promote Macaos economic diversification (REN & WANG, 2014). Mr.Wong Yim Man, the current president, is optimistic about the orchestras role in advancing Macaos integration into the national development strategy and boosting economic growth. At the same time, he emphasizes: "To integrate into the Greater Bay Area, one must first have the right mindset, which means maintaining a unique position and advantages. Macao has over four hundred years of open history, providing a unique historical foundation and international network compared to other cities in the Greater Bay Area. How we can leverage Macaos strengths to showcase its unique value and work together with other cities in the Greater Bay Area towards internationalization will be the most important development opportunity." The future development of Macao should not be limited to merely integrating into the Greater Bay Area but should form complementary cooperative relationships with the mainland, leveraging their respective strengths to move towards the world. In this process, Macao can not only export its experience and network but also bring external resources into the mainland, thereby playing a unique role in globalization and promoting its own socio-economic development.
4.3.2 Cultivate patriotic feelings for Australia
In the curriculum and performance planning of the Macao Youth Symphony Orchestra, the interpretation and study of Chinese musical works hold a central position. This initiative aims to promote students early exposure to and deep understanding of Chinese culture, thereby enhancing their national pride and cultural identity. The orchestra has spread the essence of Chinese culture overseas through multiple international tours. For instance, in 2013, during performances in New York, New Jersey, and Delaware, they presented several works rich in Chinese cultural elements. The positive audience response not only validated the professional standards of Macaos young musicians but also highlighted the international appeal of Chinese culture.
In addition, the Macao Youth Symphony Orchestra has represented Macao in national cultural events, such as its tour in Germany in 2007. The orchestra successfully applied and was included in the framework activities commemorating the 40th anniversary of diplomatic relations between China and Germany, further showcasing the artistic standards of Macaos music community (GwokWai & Qi, 2019). The orchestras cultural dissemination activities not only broaden members international perspectives but also subtly cultivate their patriotic sentiments, enabling them to express pride and recognition of Chinese culture on the international stage.
4.4 Macao Taoist Association
4.4.1 Inheritance and conservation of local music culture
First, it involves rescue and notation work. The Macao Taoist Association actively engages in the rescue and documentation of nearly extinct Taoist music, dedicated to preserving musical scores to prevent cultural loss. In 2006, the association invited Associate Professor Wang Zhongren, former director of the Taoist Music Research Office at Wuhan Conservatory of Music and music consultant for the Singapore Taoist Orchestra, to Macao to conduct notation work for Taoist music (Si & To, 2009). With the assistance of Daoist Master Wu Jingyi from Wu Qingyun Daoist Temple and President Wu Bing of the Macao Taoist Association, Associate Professor Wang transcribed each piece by listening to the precious recordings made by Daoist Master Wu Yusheng. To date, over 500 pieces have been successfully recorded.
Secondly, there is the work of arrangement and composition. The Taoist Association invited professional musicians to arrange and compose Taoist music, aiming to enhance its modernity and artistic quality, thereby promoting its dissemination. With the assistance of Professor Dai Dingcheng, President of the School of Arts at Macao Polytechnic Institute, and Associate Professor Wang Zhongren, the Association published the book "Taoist Ritual Music of Macao," which was released in 2009 (Xitai, 2012). This book has made significant contributions to the preservation, inheritance, and promotion of Macaos traditional culture. Additionally, the Association produced a DVD containing materials on Taoist ritual music from Macao, facilitating the organization and protection of these resources.
Finally, there are performances and promotional activities. The Taoist Association regularly organizes concerts and cultural festivals, inviting Taoist orchestras from home and abroad to participate, promoting Taoist music on a broader stage. In 2003, the Macao Taoist Association established the Macao Taoist Orchestra, which primarily performs the music used by the Orthodox Unity Sect Taoists during rituals at their temples, faithfully presenting the original form of temple music. The orchestra has performed multiple times in events organized by the Macao Taoist Church, such as the "Taoist Culture Week" in Macao from 2003 to 2008, the "Taoist Music Festival" in 2004, the "Taoist Music Rhythms for Peace and Harmony" and the "Health and Martial Arts Appreciation Event" in 2005, and the "Macao Taoist Music Appreciation Event" and the "Celebration of the Ninth Anniversary of Macaos Return to China: Folk Music and Taoist Music Appreciation Event" in 2008. Additionally, the orchestra traveled to Singapore and Hong Kong in 2004 and 2007 to participate in the "Fourth Taoist Music Performance" and the "Seventh Taoist Music Performance," both hosted by the Chinese Taoist Association, receiving high praise.
4.4.2 Promote Chinese traditional culture and enhance cultural confidence
First, Daoist music serves as a carrier of Chinese traditional culture, embodying rich elements of Chinese traditional culture. By learning and performing Daoist music, one can deepen their understanding and appreciation of Chinese traditional culture. Daoist ritual music, also known as "ritual music," "venue music," or "ritual ceremony music," is the music used by Daoists in religious activities according to prescribed procedures and rituals. In Daoist scriptures, "rituals" are often used alongside "ritual ceremonies," collectively referred to as "ritual ceremonies." This music has a long history in Chinese culture, originating from shamanistic dance and music before the Spring and Autumn period. Zhang Daoling integrated Laozi and Zhuangzis philosophy, immortal beliefs, and the shamanistic practices of southwestern ethnic minorities into Daoism, forming unique ritual ceremonies. Early ritual music was relatively simple, mainly relying on basic chanting, but as history progressed, this music became increasingly diverse, becoming an essential part of Daoist rituals. It not only expanded the scope of rituals but also enriched their content profoundly. The music blends ancient court sacrificial music, literati music, and folk music, making it an important category of Chinese traditional music (Zheng, 2010). As Daoism continued to develop, the style of this music varied with different periods, sects, regions, and occasions. Additionally, the transmission of Daoist culture includes the teachings of the Tao Te ChingThe Taoist Association has compiled the content of the *Tao Te Ching* into musical scores, allowing students to experience Chinese philosophical thought through music and enhance their cultural confidence. Since 2002, the association has organized multiple sessions of Taoist cultural rituals and studies, enabling students to gain a deep understanding of Taoist culture and rituals. As a result, some students are enthusiastic about chanting rituals, while others focus on performing Taoist music. Currently, many students have become members of the Macao Taoist Associations Legal Team and the Macao Taoist Orchestra.
Secondly, there is patriotic education for the people of Australia. The Taoist Association emphasizes the local and patriotic nature of Taoist music, fostering students patriotism through musical education. As an essential part of Chinese traditional culture, Taoism carries rich ethnic cultural heritage and has evolved over time to form a unique system closely linked with folk beliefs and traditional customs. Modern Taoist rituals include solemn ceremonies such as praying for national peace and averting disasters, as well as daily needs like house blessing and longevity blessings. Although the rituals of Taoist fasting and prayers largely follow Ming Dynasty traditions, their interpretations vary due to different sects and regional practices. Modern Taoist ritual sites are typically categorized based on the scale and function of the ceremony, including auspicious sites that focus on welcoming good fortune and expressing gratitude, and memorial sites that emphasize mourning and aiding the deceased. This diversity not only reflects the profound depth of Taoist culture but also demonstrates its close connection with contemporary society, enhancing students patriotic sentiments and cultural confidence (Li et al., 2022).
5 Conclusion
As mentioned earlier, Macao, a city where Eastern and Western multiculturalism converge, has nurtured numerous unique music ensembles that span symphony, wind instruments, traditional Chinese music, and Taoist music, collectively painting a vibrant picture of Macaos musical life. Ensembles such as the Changhong Music Group, Macao Wind Orchestra, Youth Symphony Orchestra, and Macao Taoist Music Ensemble not only shoulder the responsibility of music education but also play a crucial role in talent cultivation, cultural dissemination, innovation, personality development, economic growth, and patriotic sentiment. Through continuous musical activities, they have cultivated a large number of promising young talents for Macao, significantly enhancing residents musical appreciation and cultural literacy, enriching the spiritual world of citizens. At the same time, these ensembles have made outstanding contributions to the protection and inheritance of both Chinese and Western cultures, such as the Macao Taoist Music Ensembles dedication to Taoist music and the Changhong Music Groups promotion of Chinese traditional music.
Compared to individual skill enhancement programs like music school education, local music groups in Macao place greater emphasis on teamwork, coordination, and performance practice, providing students with a more comprehensive platform for growth. In these groups, music education is not just about skill transmission but also about character building. Through music education, the groups cultivate wisdom, abilities, aesthetic appreciation, and integrity in their members, nurturing high-quality citizens for Macao society. The performances of these music groups also attract many local and international audiences, indirectly boosting the prosperity of cultural tourism and related industries, injecting new vitality into Macaos diversified economic development. More importantly, through the universal language of music, the groups inspire a deep affection for the motherland and a strong sense of patriotism and love for Macao among its people, enhancing the pride and belonging of the Chinese nation. Diversity and professionalism are the hallmarks of these music groups, reflecting Macaos multiculturalism and the fusion of Eastern and Western cultures.
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